# Net national product

Net national product (NNP) refers to gross national product (GNP), i.e. the total market value of all final goods and services produced by the factors of production of a country or other polity during a given time period, minus depreciation.[1] Similarly, net domestic product (NDP) corresponds to gross domestic product (GDP) minus depreciation.[2] Depreciation describes the devaluation of fixed capital through wear and tear associated with its use in productive activities.

In national accounting, net national product (NNP) and net domestic product (NDP) are given by the two following formulas:

${\displaystyle NNP=GNP-Depreciation}$
${\displaystyle NDP=GDP-Depreciation}$

## Use in economics

Although the net national product is a key identity in national accounting, its use in economics research is generally superseded by the use of the gross domestic or national product as a measure of national income, a preference which has been historically a contentious topic (see e.g. Boulding (1948)[3] and Burk (1948)[4]). Nonetheless, the net national product has been the subject of research on its role as a dynamic welfare indicator[5] as well as a means of reconciling forward and backward views on capital wherein NNP(t) corresponds to the interest on accumulated capital.[6] Furthermore, the net national product has featured prominently as a measure in environmental economics such as within models accounting for the depletion of natural and environmental resources[7] or as an indicator of sustainability.[8]

## References

1. ^ Krugman, P.R., Obstfeld, M., Melitz, M.J. (2012). International Economics: Theory & Policy (9th ed.). Harlow (UK): Pearson Education Limited, p. 327.
2. ^ Burda, M., Wyplosz, C. (2013). Macroeconomics: A European Text (6th ed.). Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press, p. 39.
3. ^ Boulding, K.E. (1948). Professor Tarshis and the State of Economics. The American Economic Review, 38(1), pp. 92-102.
4. ^ Burk, M. (1948). Mr. Boulding's Criticism of the Net National Product Concept. The American Economic Review, 38(5), pp. 897-898.
5. ^ Brekke, K.A. (1994). Net National Product as a Welfare Indicator. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 96(2), pp. 241-252.
6. ^ Hartwick, J.M. (1994). National Wealth and Net National Product. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 96(2), pp. 253-256.
7. ^ Hartwick, J.M. (1990). Natural resources, national accounting and economic depreciation. Journal of Public Economics, 43(3), pp. 291-304.
8. ^ Asheim, G.B. (1994). Net National Product as an Indicator of Sustainability. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 96(2), pp. 257-265.

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