# Darboux's formula

In mathematical analysis, Darboux's formula is a formula introduced by Gaston Darboux (1876) for summing infinite series by using integrals or evaluating integrals using infinite series. It is a generalization to the complex plane of the Euler–Maclaurin summation formula, which is used for similar purposes and derived in a similar manner (by repeated integration by parts of a particular choice of integrand). Darboux's formula can also be used to derive the Taylor series of the calculus.

## Statement

If φ(t) is a polynomial of degree n and f an analytic function then

{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\sum _{m=0}^{n}(-1)^{m}(z-a)^{m}\left[\phi ^{(n-m)}(1)f^{(m)}(z)-\phi ^{(n-m)}(0)f^{(m)}(a)\right]\\{}=&(-1)^{n}(z-a)^{n+1}\int _{0}^{1}\phi (t)f^{(n+1)}\left[a+t(z-a)\right]\,dt.\end{aligned}}}

The formula can be proved by repeated integration by parts.

## Special cases

Taking φ to be a Bernoulli polynomial in Darboux's formula gives the Euler–Maclaurin summation formula. Taking φ to be (t − 1)n gives the formula for a Taylor series.

## References

• Darboux (1876), "Sur les développements en série des fonctions d'une seule variable", Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées, 3 (II): 291–312
• Whittaker, E. T. and Watson, G. N. "A Formula Due to Darboux." §7.1 in A Course in Modern Analysis, 4th ed. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, p. 125, 1990. [1]